1. The most common consequence of an emulsifier's excessively short dwell time is:
(a) A tendency to remove the penetrant from fine discontinuities
(b) Incomplete removal of excess surface penetrant
(c) An overactive emulsifier
(d) All of the above

2. The diffusion of a lipophilic emulsifier penetrant into the surface of the test piece is slowed by:
(a) The conclusion of the emulsifier dwell time
(b) The penetrant
(c) Application of developer
(d) The water rinse step

3. When using a post emulsifiable penetrant process, it is important to drain as much
excess penetrant as possible from the surface of a test piece which has been immersed
in the penetrant because:
(a) Too much penetrant on the part surface may lead to more rapid penetration and
over-sensitivity
(b) A thinner layer of penetrant is likely to have higher capillary action and, thus,
be more sensitive to fine discontinuities
(c) A thinner layer of penetrant will result in less penetrant contamination in the
emulsifier tank
(d) None of the above

4. When a drain-dwell technique is used during emulsification, what two mechanisms are
responsible for combining the emulsifier and penetrant?
(a) Diffusion and turbulent mixing
(b) Osmosis and agitation
(c) Turbulent mixing and osmosis
(d) Agitation and turbulent mixing

5. When performing a post emulsifiable penetrant test, the test piece does not rinse
acceptable clean during normal processing. What should be done?
(a) Return the test piece to the emulsifier and repeat the step
(b) Increase water temperature and pressure
(c) Remove the excess penetrant with solvent remover and process the remainder
of the test normally
(d) Clean the test piece and re-process through the complete penetrant test process
6. The adequacy of excess penetrant removal, using water washable penetrant process, is
judged and controlled by:
(a) Water rinse time
(b) Fluorescent brightness measurement
(c) Visual observation
(d) Cleanliness of cloths used for removal
7. Another name for a self-emulsifying penetrant process is:
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post emulsifiable
(d) Solvent emulsifiable
8. Which of the following is a function of an emulsifier?
(a) To draw penetrant out of a discontinuity and form a visible indication
(b) To increase the size of an indication through capillary action
(c) To provide contrasting background for viewing penetrant indications
(d) None of the above
9. When viewed under black light, developer appears:
(a) Yellow-green
(b) Blue-black
(c) White
(d) Pinkish white
10. Penetrant developers are used in which of the following forms?
(a) Water washable
(b) Water suspendable
(c) Solvent suspendable
(d) All of the above
11. Which of the following developers requires the test piece to be dried prior to its
application?
(a) Water washable
(b) Water suspendable
(c) Non-aqueous suspendable
(d) All of the above
12. An effect of a thick developer coating might be:
(a) To obscure discontinuity indications
(b) To enhance discontinuity indications
(c) To increase penetrant test sensitivity by providing more capillary paths
(d) None of the above
13. Why is it important to view the test piece shortly after developer application and
periodically through the development time?
(a) To make sure the developer dries evenly
(b) To guard against pooling of developer in low areas
(c) To avoid missing small flaw indications adjacent to areas of high bleed-out
(d) To avoid missing transient indications against an otherwise clean background
14. Which of the following is an advantage of a dry developer?
(a) Ease of handling
(b) Non-corrosive
(c) No hazardous vapours
(d) All of the above
15. Why is the need for a dry surface prior to developer application more of a
disadvantage with a dry developer than with a non-aqueous wet developer?
(a) Because the dry developer only forms a thin film on the surface of the test
piece
(b) Because the solvent in a non-aqueous wet developer penetrates deeper into
discontinuities to contact entrapped penetrant and draw it back out
(c) Because the warm test piece causes evaporation of the solvent in the nonaqueous
developer
(d) All of the above
16. The preferred method of application of aqueous wet developer is:
(a) Dipping
(b) Spraying
(c) Brushing
(d) All of the above
17. It is easier to control developer coating thickness with a soluble developer than a water
suspendable one because:
(a) Less developer can be dissolved that suspended in water
(b) It dries more rapidly on the test piece
(c) Evaporation deposits a thin, even coating on the test piece
(d) All of the above
18. Which of the following is not an advantage of an aqueous wet developer?
(a) It may be applied to a dry surface
(b) It has no hazardous vapours
(c) There is visible evidence of developer coverage
(d) During drying, only water evaporates, not costly solvents
19. A disadvantage of water soluble developers is:
(a) Agitation of the developer is not required
(b) A uniform developer film is obtained
(c) The dried developer is difficult to remove during post cleaning
(d) None of the above
20. Fluorescent penetrant indications are more visible than colour contrast penetrant
indications because:
(a) They reflect more light
(b) They emit rather than reflect light
(c) They contain a higher concentration of dye particles
(d) Yellow and green contrast more than red and white
21. The tendency of a liquid to be drawn into small discontinuities is called:
(a) Viscosity
(b) Barometric
(c) Capillary action
(d) Surface tension
22. A liquid which reacts with a penetrant to render it water washable is called:
(a) Developer
(b) Emulsifier
(c) Aqueous scrubber
(d) Non-aqueous cleaner
23. A water tolerance test would be performed on:
(a) Solvent removable penetrants
(b) Water washable and post emulsifiable penetrant
(c) Solvent removable penetrants and hydrophilic emulsifiers
(d) Water washable penetrants and lipophilic emulsifiers
24. A problem which could be caused by a penetrant with abnormally high water content
is:
(a) Hydrogen assisted cracking
(b) Rusting of steel parts
(c) Water contamination
(d) Blurring of indications
25. Deterioration of penetrant material performance may be caused by which of the
following?
(a) Water contamination
(b) Heat
(c) Cleaning solvents
(d) All of the above
26. When adding water to a penetrant, the water tolerance limit is indicated when:
(a) Opacity reaches 2% of International optical transmission standard
(b) The penetrant material and dye separate into their constituent parts
(c) Permanent cloudiness occurs
(d) None of the above
27. Possible degradation of penetrant materials performance is often checked by:
(a) Performing penetrant testing of comparator blocks using samples of new and
used penetrant materials
(b) Water tolerance test
(c) Using a penetrant test penetrameter
(d) Judgment of a qualified inspector during production testing
28. The most common biological effect of penetrant materials on personnel is:
(a) Burns to the retina of the eye from over exposure to ultraviolet light
(b) Skin irritation caused by removal of natural oils from the skin
(c) Acute chlorine poisoning
(d) No effect
29. Hydrophilic emulsifiers may be applied by:
(a) Dipping
(b) Immersion
(c) Spraying
(d) All of the above
30. The term ‘drag out losses’ refers to:
(a) Loss of penetrant materials that are carried from one processing station to
another on the test piece
(b) Penetrant which is removed from discontinuities during the water washable
process
(c) Penetrant which is removed from discontinuities because of overemulsification
prior to water removal
(d) Both b and c
31. The diffusion mechanism is used in the operation of:
(a) Solvent removable penetrant
(b) Lipophilic emulsifiers
(c) Hydrophilic emulsifiers
(d) Both b and c
32. The concentration of a hydrophilic emulsifier may be measured by:
(a) Specific gravity
(b) Fluorescent brightness
(c) An optical refraction meter
(d) A comparator block
33. When applied by immersion, an optimum concentration for a hydrophilic emulsifier is
about:
(a) 0.5–2%
(b) 80–100%
(c) 2.5–20%
(d) 50–80%
34. Hydrophilic emulsifier contact time depends on which of the following?
(a) Surface finish of test piece
(b) Emulsifier concentration
(c) Method of application
(d) All of the above
35. How is the correct emulsifier contact time determined?
(a) Manufacturer's recommendations
(b) One half penetrant dwell time
(c) Experiment
(d) Same as penetrant dwell time
36. Which of the following is used in connection with hydrophilic emulsifier applied by
immersion?
(a) Brushing
(b) Agitation
(c) Drain-dwell
(d) All of the above
37. Which of the following is a disadvantage of a hydrophilic emulsifier?
(a) Greater penetrant tolerance than lipophilic emulsifiers
(b) Economical
(c) Low drag-out losses compared to lipophilic emulsifiers
a. Versatile application
38. During excess penetrant removal, a water spray pre-rinse might be used with:
(a) A lipophilic emulsifier
(b) A hydrophilic emulsifier
(c) A hydrophobic emulsifier
(d) None of the above
39. Re-cycling of penetrant and rinse water is facilitated with which of the following
emulsifier types?
(a) Hydrophobic
(b) Hydrophilic
(c) Lipophilic
(d) Hygroscopic
40. Which type of emulsifier is intended for use without dilution?
(a) Hydrophobic
(b) Hydrophilic
(c) Lipophilic
(d) Hygroscopic
41. Halogen content of penetrant materials is limited because of the possibility of stress
corrosion cracking in which of the following materials?
(a) High tensile steel
(b) Austenitic stainless steel
(c) Titanium alloys
(d) All of the above
42. The most likely cause of loss of performance in a lipophilic emulsifier is:
(a) High viscosity
(b) Water contamination
(c) Phase separation
(d) Improper concentration
43. In performing a water content test of a lipophilic emulsifier per ASTM D-95, what
solvent is used?
(a) Naptha
(b) Trichloroethane
(c) Benzene
(d) Xylene
44. Which of the following developers would you expect to be the least sensitive?
(a) Water suspendable wet (immersion)
(b) Water suspendable wet (spray)
(c) Dry immersion (dip)
(d) Non-aqueous wet (solvent spray)
45. Which of the following developers would you expect to be the most sensitive?
(a) Water suspendable wet (immersion)
(b) Water suspendable wet (spray)
(c) Dry immersion (dip)
(d) Non-aqueous wet (solvent spray)
46. Which of the following developers would you expect to be the least sensitive?
(a) Water suspendable wet (immersion)
(b) Water suspendable wet (spray)
(c) Water soluble (spray)
(d) Water soluble (immersion)
47. Which of the following developers would you expect to be the most sensitive?
(a) Water suspendable wet (immersion)
(b) Water suspendable wet (spray)
(c) Water soluble (spray)
(d) Water soluble (immersion)
48. Dual purpose penetrants are viewed under what type of light?
(a) White light
(b) Black light
(c) Both a and b
(d) None of the above
49. When is it possible to detect slightly sub-surface defects using penetrant testing?
(a) Only if you are using fluorescent penetrant
(b) When using post-emulsifiable penetrant
(c) It is not possible to detect slightly sub-surface defects using penetrant testing
(d) When using dual sensitivity penetrants
50. Which of the following would be classed as an in-service fault?
(a) A shrinkage crack
(b) A fatigue crack
(c) A grinding crack
(d) All could be in-service faults